Smog in Pakistan, Causes, Impacts and Solutions

Smog In Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions

Abstract:

Smog has become a severe environmental issue in Pakistan, particularly during the winter months, significantly affecting air quality and public health. This article explores the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to the smog problem in Pakistan, focusing on urban areas such as Lahore and Karachi, where the problem is most prevalent. The article aims to raise awareness about the need for policy changes and community actions to combat smog and mitigate its harmful effects on both the environment and public health.

1.1 Introduction

Smog, a type of air pollution that combines smoke and fog, poses a significant environmental and health hazard, especially in urban areas. It occurs when airborne pollutants like particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mix with atmospheric moisture, leading to reduced visibility and poor air quality. This phenomenon is most commonly seen during winter months when temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, aggravating the smog condition. In regions with high pollution levels, like Pakistan, smog is a recurring issue, particularly in cities such as Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad, where pollution levels frequently exceed international air quality standards (Ali et al., 2019; Raza et al., 2021).

Smog (smoke+fog) is becoming a fifth season in Pakistan especially in Lahore and its surroundings. Its intensity increases since last few winters. Smog greatly reduces the visibility, slow down the daily activity, increased the probability of accidents and may lead to flight cancellations. The readings of Air quality index (AQI) helps in understanding the severity of smog Table 1.

Table 1. AQI limits and pollution measurement

AQI	Air pollution level
0-50	Good
51-100	Moderate
101-150	Unhealthy for sensitive groups
151-200	Unhealthy
201-300	Very unhealthy
300+	Hazardous

Air pollution kills approximately 7 million people worldwide every year, of which 4.2 million deaths are due to exposure to ambient air pollution and rest are due to household exposure to smoke from dirty cook stoves and fuels (Figure 1). WHO data shows that 9 out of 10 people breathe air that exceeds WHO guideline limits containing high levels of pollutants, with low- and middle-income countries suffering from the highest exposures

Table 2 is projecting unhealthy air in Lahore for the month of January 2022 with three sets of readings each after 10 days.

Table 2: Reading of AQI and PM_2.5Lahore | Source: AQI (2022)

Date of reading	AQI	PM2.5
2nd January 2022	279 (very unhealthy)	229.2 µg/m³ (very unhealthy)
12th January 2022	276 (very unhealthy)	226.1 µg/m³ (very unhealthy)
22th January 2022	160 (unhealthy)	72.4 µg/m³ (unhealthy)

The increasing prevalence of smog in Pakistan can be attributed to a combination of urbanization, industrialization, and vehicular emissions. The rapid expansion of these factors, coupled with the inefficient waste management practices and burning of agricultural residue, has exacerbated air quality problems. Lahore, for example, consistently ranks among the most polluted cities globally, with the annual average concentration of PM2.5 particles far surpassing the recommended limits. Similarly, studies have shown that vehicular emissions contribute significantly to smog formation, especially in cities with high traffic volumes(Khalid et al., 2024; Nisar et al., 2020).

The effects of smog are far-reaching, impacting both human health and the environment. Exposure to high levels of smog, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has been linked to a range of respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and even premature death. Vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are particularly at risk. Moreover, the economic impact of smog is also considerable, as it disrupts productivity by leading to increased healthcare costs and decreased labor efficiency. Thus, smog is not only a health crisis but also an economic challenge for the nation. As Pakistan continues to urbanize and industrialize, addressing the smog issue has become a crucial priority for improving public health and ensuring sustainable urban growth(Akbar & Pollution, 2020; Kousar et al., 2024).

1.2 Causes of Smog in Pakistan:

Here is a detailed explanation of the causes of smog in Pakistan:

1.2.1 Vehicular Emissions

One of the leading causes of smog in Pakistan is the high number of vehicles on the road. In large cities like Lahore, vehicles emit harmful gases like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) into the air. These gases, along with others like volatile organic compounds (VOCs), contribute to the formation of smog. The increasing number of cars, trucks, and buses on the road means more pollution, especially during rush hours. The exhaust from old and poorly maintained vehicles is a significant contributor to air quality problems. Studies have shown that vehicle emissions significantly worsen air pollution, especially in densely populated urban areas like Lahore and Karachi (Idrees et al., 2023; Khan et al., 2023).

1.2.2 Industrial Pollution

Industries in Pakistan, especially in industrial cities like Karachi and Faisalabad, are another major source of pollution. Factories release large amounts of smoke, soot, and chemicals into the air. Many industries use outdated equipment and lack proper waste treatment systems, which makes the pollution worse. Factories that produce textiles, cement, and chemicals are among the biggest contributors. These industries emit particulate matter (PM), which is a fine dust that can linger in the air and contribute to the formation of smog. Studies have found that industrial pollution is a key factor in the smog problems in Pakistan, especially in areas with high levels of industrial activity (Zheng et al., 2024).

1.2.3 Burning of Crop Residue

After harvesting crops, many farmers in Pakistan burn the leftover crop residue, especially after the rice harvest. This practice releases large amounts of smoke and harmful particles into the atmosphere. The burning of crop residue is a widespread practice, particularly in Punjab, which is Pakistan’s agricultural heartland. The smoke produced during these burning events can travel over long distances, adding to the pollution in the air. This practice of crop burning, combined with other sources of pollution, leads to higher levels of particulate matter and worsens the smog. Research has shown that crop burning is a significant seasonal contributor to smog formation, especially during the post-harvest period (Azhar et al., 2019).

1.2.4 Climate Conditions

The weather in Pakistan, especially in winter, plays a role in worsening the smog. During the colder months, temperatures drop, and humidity increases, which causes pollutants to get trapped close to the ground. This phenomenon is known as a “temperature inversion,” where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from rising and dispersing into the atmosphere. The effect is particularly strong in Punjab, where the winter climate is more conducive to the formation of smog. When this weather pattern occurs, pollutants from vehicles, industries, and crop burning are stuck near the ground, creating a dense layer of smog that reduces visibility and harms public health. Climate experts have pointed out that these weather conditions significantly exacerbate the air quality problems in Pakistan during the winter months (Butt et al., 2024).The causes of smog in Pakistan are complex and interconnected. They include emissions from vehicles, industrial pollution, the burning of crop residues, and climate conditions that trap pollutants. Tackling these issues will require both stricter regulations on emissions and changes in agricultural practices, as well as efforts to manage the impacts of seasonal weather patterns.

1.3 Impact of Smog:

1.3.1 Health Consequences

Smog is a dangerous form of air pollution that contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These tiny particles are small enough to enter the lungs and bloodstream, causing a range of harmful health effects. Prolonged exposure to smog can lead to severe respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)(Ontawong et al., 2020).

Children, the elderly, and people with pre-existing health conditions like heart disease or lung problems are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of smog. These groups are more likely to experience exacerbated symptoms, leading to hospitalizations or even long-term disability. Studies show that long-term exposure to air pollution, including smog, can significantly increase the risk of developing lung cancer, heart disease, and strokes(Naureen et al., 2022).

Additionally, smog has immediate effects such as eye irritation, coughing, and shortness of breath. Those who are exposed to high levels of smog on a daily basis may also experience a decline in their overall lung function over time, leading to chronic health issues(Broeckaert et al., 1999).

1.3.2 Environmental Damage

Smog not only harms human health but also has severe consequences for the environment. One of the most noticeable impacts is the reduction of visibility, creating a thick haze over cities, which harms the natural beauty of landscapes and can disrupt daily activities. This visibility reduction can lead to dangerous driving conditions and accidents.

The pollutants present in smog also affect plants and biodiversity. The toxic gases and particulate matter can stunt plant growth, reduce crop yields, and even damage forests. Smog can block sunlight, affecting photosynthesis, which plants need to grow. As a result, ecosystems can be disrupted, threatening wildlife that relies on these plants for food and shelter.

Furthermore, smog can worsen global warming. Many pollutants in smog, such as carbon dioxide and methane, contribute to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. This can lead to more extreme weather patterns, which affect agricultural productivity and the environment at large(Dhanraj et al., 2023).

1.3.3 Economic Losses

Smog also brings about significant economic costs, which can be felt across various sectors. One of the most direct economic impacts is the rise in healthcare costs. With an increase in respiratory illnesses, hospitals and medical facilities are faced with a higher demand for treatment, leading to higher public health spending.

Another major consequence is reduced productivity. Workers who are exposed to high levels of air pollution are more likely to experience health problems, leading to more sick days and a decline in workforce efficiency. This can have a negative impact on the country’s economy, especially in industries that rely on outdoor work or in cities with high pollution levels.

Smog also affects industries that depend on transportation and tourism. The thick haze reduces visibility, making transportation more hazardous and leading to delays in deliveries and travel. Moreover, tourists are less likely to visit places affected by severe pollution, reducing revenue from tourism. Additionally, smog has been linked to a decline in overall property values, as polluted areas become less attractive for residential or commercial investment. The impacts of smog in Pakistan are far-reaching and multi-dimensional, affecting public health, the environment, and the economy. Smog poses a severe threat to respiratory health, reduces biodiversity, and results in substantial economic losses. Addressing the root causes of air pollution, such as vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, and crop residue burning, is essential to mitigate these harmful effects and protect the well-being of both people and the planet(Ali et al., 2019).

1.4 Government Initiatives and Solutions:

1.4.1 Policy Measures

The government has introduced various policies aimed at reducing air pollution, focusing primarily on reducing industrial emissions and controlling the use of harmful fuels. One of the most common methods includes regulating industries to use cleaner technologies, which reduces harmful emissions like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter that contribute to smog. However, enforcement of these regulations remains a challenge, as monitoring the compliance of factories and industries, especially in rural areas, can be difficult. Moreover, due to a lack of strict penalties for non-compliance, some industries continue to operate without adhering to environmental standards. Despite these challenges, the government’s policy measures are crucial steps in curbing air pollution in the long term.

1.4.2 Promotion of Public Transport

To address the rising vehicular emissions, which are a major contributor to smog, the government is increasingly focusing on public transportation infrastructure. Investments are being made in developing cleaner and more efficient public transport systems, including buses, metro lines, and electric vehicles (EVs). The expansion of these services aims to encourage people to use public transport instead of private vehicles. This reduces the number of cars on the road, thus reducing traffic congestion and lowering the overall emissions from vehicles. Furthermore, promoting the use of electric vehicles helps to decrease carbon emissions because EVs do not produce tailpipe pollutants. The availability of affordable, reliable public transport and EV incentives is seen as a key factor in reducing air pollution in urban areas.

1.4.3 Clean Energy and Technology

The use of clean energy and technological advancements is another significant government initiative in combating air pollution. The government has been encouraging the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Solar energy, for example, is an increasingly popular choice for homes and businesses as it reduces dependence on coal-fired power plants, which are a significant source of air pollution. Wind power is also expanding in certain areas, and hydropower remains a clean energy source that is used where feasible. The promotion of these energy alternatives not only helps to reduce air pollution but also contributes to mitigating climate change by decreasing the carbon footprint. Additionally, technological advancements in energy-efficient appliances and industrial processes can play a pivotal role in reducing emissions and minimizing pollution.

1.4.4 Awareness and Education

Public awareness is another critical solution in addressing air pollution. The government has started conducting awareness campaigns to educate the public about the dangers of air pollution and the impact it has on health and the environment. One specific issue that these campaigns focus on is the burning of crop residue, a common practice in agricultural areas, which is a significant contributor to smog during certain seasons. Farmers are often unaware of the harmful consequences of this practice, so educating them on alternative methods of disposal or management of crop waste, such as composting or using it as feedstock for bioenergy production, is essential. In addition, raising awareness about the benefits of reducing personal emissions, such as walking or cycling instead of using private vehicles, can encourage individuals to take part in reducing pollution at a personal level.

The combination of stricter policy measures, improved public transport systems, clean energy adoption, and public awareness campaigns plays a vital role in combating air pollution and reducing smog. While challenges remain in implementation and enforcement, these initiatives are an essential step toward a cleaner and healthier environment.

1.5 Community Actions:

1.5.1 Personal Measures

Individuals can play a vital role in reducing smog and improving air quality. Simple personal actions, such as using public transportation, maintaining vehicles properly, and avoiding the burning of waste, can collectively lead to a significant reduction in pollution levels. One of the most effective ways to combat smog is by opting for public transport. Public transportation is more energy-efficient than private vehicles and helps reduce the number of cars on the road, thus lowering emissions. Additionally, proper vehicle maintenance, such as regular servicing and ensuring the exhaust system is functioning well, helps minimize harmful emissions from personal cars. Another personal measure is avoiding the burning of household waste, including plastic, paper, and other materials. Instead of burning, individuals can practice proper waste disposal methods like recycling or composting, which helps to reduce harmful chemicals released into the air.

1.5.2 Community Engagement

Community action plays a crucial role in addressing the root causes of smog. Local governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can engage communities in activities that promote environmental awareness and reduce pollution. One of the most effective community initiatives is tree plantation drives. Trees are natural air purifiers and can help absorb pollutants while releasing oxygen. Local authorities and NGOs can organize tree-planting campaigns in parks, along roads, and in urban spaces to improve air quality. In addition, educating the public about the causes and impacts of smog is essential to promote behavioral changes. Community workshops, educational campaigns, and awareness programs can help citizens understand the health risks associated with smog and encourage them to take actions such as reducing waste, using cleaner fuels, and adopting sustainable practices. Moreover, promoting energy-saving practices and waste reduction at the community level can have long-term positive effects on reducing air pollution and mitigating smog.

1.5.3 Collaboration across Borders

Given that air pollution is not confined to one country, collaboration with neighboring nations is essential to addressing smog effectively. In regions like South Asia, where countries like Pakistan and India experience similar pollution problems, cross-border cooperation is critical. One of the first steps toward regional cooperation is the establishment of shared air quality monitoring systems. By tracking pollution levels across borders in real-time, governments can better understand the sources and movement of pollutants. Additionally, joint action on transboundary pollution, such as agreeing on measures to reduce emissions from industrial sources, vehicles, and crop residue burning, can significantly reduce the overall pollution burden in the region. Countries can also work together to create regional policies aimed at improving air quality, including regulations on industrial emissions, incentives for using cleaner fuels, and the promotion of renewable energy sources. By collaborating across borders, countries can develop a coordinated strategy to reduce smog and protect public health and the environment.

Addressing smog requires a combined effort from individuals, local communities, governments, and neighboring countries. While personal actions such as using public transport and avoiding waste burning are essential, community engagement through education and tree plantation can help foster collective responsibility. Cross-border cooperation is equally crucial in tackling transboundary pollution and ensuring that the effects of smog are minimized across regions. By taking these steps together, we can reduce smog and create a cleaner, healthier environment for future generations.

Conclusion:

Smog in Pakistan is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach involving government policies, technological advancements, and community cooperation. While significant progress has been made, much remains to be done to reduce the harmful effects of smog on public health, the environment, and the economy. A concerted effort from all sectors of society, combined with increased awareness and innovation, is essential for tackling the smog crisis and ensuring a healthier, cleaner future for Pakistan.

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